Learning Objectives

1. Understand the quantitative relationship between toxicant exposure and induced effects.
2. Describe frequently encountered toxic effects.
3. Interpret frequency (normal distribution) and dose - response curves.
4. Understand threshold effects with dosage increase.
5. Understand effective dose, margin-of-safety and the relationship of effective vs. toxic dose.
6. Examine the use of actual data for no observed effect and lowest observed effect in risk assessments.
7. Summarize effective, lethal and toxic doses.
8. Understand a linearized multi-stage model for non-threshold responses.

Advance Reading

1. Shibamoto, pp 1-6
2. Hughes, pp 29-38
3. NLM Toxicology Tutor "Dose and Response"

Suggested Reading

1. Dose-Response Relationships In Toxicology - EXTOXNET

Keywords

1. Associative relationships
2. Causal relationships
3. Ceiling effect
4. Cumulative dose-response graph
5. Dose-response relationship
6. ED50
7. Effective dose (ED)
8. Efficacy
9. Epidemiological studies
10. Frequency dose-response graph
11. LD50
12. Lethal dose (LD)

13. Margin of safety
14. Mixed toxicity
15. No Observable Effect Level (NOEL)
16. Normal distribution
17. Potency
18. Potent
19. Reversed toxicity
20. Subthreshold doses
21. TD50
22. Threshold dose
23. Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
24. Toxic dose (TD)